刚开始学习线性微分方程的时候,我心中有两个疑问:
线性微分方程为什么有“线性”这两个字?
为什么线性微分方程的通解里面有
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?
这篇文章就来回答这两个问题。让我们从什么是线性变换开始。
先直观感受一下什么是线性变换。
1.1 线性变换的几何意义
直观来说,线性变换就是把直线上的点(向量),变换到另外一根直线上去。关于这个问题更具体的解释,请参看文章
如何理解相似矩阵的前半部分。
比如下图,把虚线上的点,变换到实线上去:
或者把整个二维平面上的直线换个位置(下面是一个镜面翻转,为了方便观察,标出一个
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,虚线表示翻转的对称轴):
1.2 微分算子
我们来看一个不一样的向量,对于多项式函数:
我们以
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为基(关于多项式的基,可以参看《线性代数应该这样学》这样的高等代数教材),可以把它转为向量:
画出来图来就是(三个坐标轴分别表示
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这三个基,当然这里有点不严格,准确来说,三个基并不是两两正交的):
我们定义
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为微分算子:
那么有:
还可以把
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写成一个矩阵(对于更高次的多项式,
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的矩阵是类似的):
然后通过矩阵来完成求导操作:
这样看来,微分算子
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也是一个线性变换。
1.3 代数定义
在数学中,只要符合下面两个性质的就是线性变换(
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代表变换):
可加性:
齐次性:
上一节中,通过几何展示的线性变换都符合上述两个性质。
比如,我们有两个多项式函数:
那么容易验证,
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是一个线性变换:
可加性:
齐次性:
进一步的,
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的多项式组合:
也是线性变换,这一点可以自行去验证。
既然
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的多项式组合
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是线性变换,那么线性微分方程为什么是“线性”的,答案呼之欲出。
2.1 线性微分方程的定义
定义下式为常系数(因为
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是常数)线性微分方程:
如果,
%3D0%3C%2Ftitle%3E%0A%3Cdefs%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMATHI-66%22%20d%3D%22M118%20-162Q120%20-162%20124%20-164T135%20-167T147%20-168Q160%20-168%20171%20-155T187%20-126Q197%20-99%20221%2027T267%20267T289%20382V385H242Q195%20385%20192%20387Q188%20390%20188%20397L195%20425Q197%20430%20203%20430T250%20431Q298%20431%20298%20432Q298%20434%20307%20482T319%20540Q356%20705%20465%20705Q502%20703%20526%20683T550%20630Q550%20594%20529%20578T487%20561Q443%20561%20443%20603Q443%20622%20454%20636T478%20657L487%20662Q471%20668%20457%20668Q445%20668%20434%20658T419%20630Q412%20601%20403%20552T387%20469T380%20433Q380%20431%20435%20431Q480%20431%20487%20430T498%20424Q499%20420%20496%20407T491%20391Q489%20386%20482%20386T428%20385H372L349%20263Q301%2015%20282%20-47Q255%20-132%20212%20-173Q175%20-205%20139%20-205Q107%20-205%2081%20-186T55%20-132Q55%20-95%2076%20-78T118%20-61Q162%20-61%20162%20-103Q162%20-122%20151%20-136T127%20-157L118%20-162Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMAIN-28%22%20d%3D%22M94%20250Q94%20319%20104%20381T127%20488T164%20576T202%20643T244%20695T277%20729T302%20750H315H319Q333%20750%20333%20741Q333%20738%20316%20720T275%20667T226%20581T184%20443T167%20250T184%2058T225%20-81T274%20-167T316%20-220T333%20-241Q333%20-250%20318%20-250H315H302L274%20-226Q180%20-141%20137%20-14T94%20250Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMATHI-78%22%20d%3D%22M52%20289Q59%20331%20106%20386T222%20442Q257%20442%20286%20424T329%20379Q371%20442%20430%20442Q467%20442%20494%20420T522%20361Q522%20332%20508%20314T481%20292T458%20288Q439%20288%20427%20299T415%20328Q415%20374%20465%20391Q454%20404%20425%20404Q412%20404%20406%20402Q368%20386%20350%20336Q290%20115%20290%2078Q290%2050%20306%2038T341%2026Q378%2026%20414%2059T463%20140Q466%20150%20469%20151T485%20153H489Q504%20153%20504%20145Q504%20144%20502%20134Q486%2077%20440%2033T333%20-11Q263%20-11%20227%2052Q186%20-10%20133%20-10H127Q78%20-10%2057%2016T35%2071Q35%20103%2054%20123T99%20143Q142%20143%20142%20101Q142%2081%20130%2066T107%2046T94%2041L91%2040Q91%2039%2097%2036T113%2029T132%2026Q168%2026%20194%2071Q203%2087%20217%20139T245%20247T261%20313Q266%20340%20266%20352Q266%20380%20251%20392T217%20404Q177%20404%20142%20372T93%20290Q91%20281%2088%20280T72%20278H58Q52%20284%2052%20289Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMAIN-29%22%20d%3D%22M60%20749L64%20750Q69%20750%2074%20750H86L114%20726Q208%20641%20251%20514T294%20250Q294%20182%20284%20119T261%2012T224%20-76T186%20-143T145%20-194T113%20-227T90%20-246Q87%20-249%2086%20-250H74Q66%20-250%2063%20-250T58%20-247T55%20-238Q56%20-237%2066%20-225Q221%20-64%20221%20250T66%20725Q56%20737%2055%20738Q55%20746%2060%20749Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMAIN-3D%22%20d%3D%22M56%20347Q56%20360%2070%20367H707Q722%20359%20722%20347Q722%20336%20708%20328L390%20327H72Q56%20332%2056%20347ZM56%20153Q56%20168%2072%20173H708Q722%20163%20722%20153Q722%20140%20707%20133H70Q56%20140%2056%20153Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMAIN-30%22%20d%3D%22M96%20585Q152%20666%20249%20666Q297%20666%20345%20640T423%20548Q460%20465%20460%20320Q460%20165%20417%2083Q397%2041%20362%2016T301%20-15T250%20-22Q224%20-22%20198%20-16T137%2016T82%2083Q39%20165%2039%20320Q39%20494%2096%20585ZM321%20597Q291%20629%20250%20629Q208%20629%20178%20597Q153%20571%20145%20525T137%20333Q137%20175%20145%20125T181%2046Q209%2016%20250%2016Q290%2016%20318%2046Q347%2076%20354%20130T362%20333Q362%20478%20354%20524T321%20597Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3C%2Fdefs%3E%0A%3Cg%20stroke%3D%22currentColor%22%20fill%3D%22currentColor%22%20stroke-width%3D%220%22%20transform%3D%22matrix(1%200%200%20-1%200%200)%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-66%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(550%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-28%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(940%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-78%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(1512%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-29%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(2179%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-3D%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mn%22%20transform%3D%22translate(3236%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-30%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
,则为常系数齐次线性微分方程:
如果,
%5Cne0%3C%2Ftitle%3E%0A%3Cdefs%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMATHI-66%22%20d%3D%22M118%20-162Q120%20-162%20124%20-164T135%20-167T147%20-168Q160%20-168%20171%20-155T187%20-126Q197%20-99%20221%2027T267%20267T289%20382V385H242Q195%20385%20192%20387Q188%20390%20188%20397L195%20425Q197%20430%20203%20430T250%20431Q298%20431%20298%20432Q298%20434%20307%20482T319%20540Q356%20705%20465%20705Q502%20703%20526%20683T550%20630Q550%20594%20529%20578T487%20561Q443%20561%20443%20603Q443%20622%20454%20636T478%20657L487%20662Q471%20668%20457%20668Q445%20668%20434%20658T419%20630Q412%20601%20403%20552T387%20469T380%20433Q380%20431%20435%20431Q480%20431%20487%20430T498%20424Q499%20420%20496%20407T491%20391Q489%20386%20482%20386T428%20385H372L349%20263Q301%2015%20282%20-47Q255%20-132%20212%20-173Q175%20-205%20139%20-205Q107%20-205%2081%20-186T55%20-132Q55%20-95%2076%20-78T118%20-61Q162%20-61%20162%20-103Q162%20-122%20151%20-136T127%20-157L118%20-162Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMAIN-28%22%20d%3D%22M94%20250Q94%20319%20104%20381T127%20488T164%20576T202%20643T244%20695T277%20729T302%20750H315H319Q333%20750%20333%20741Q333%20738%20316%20720T275%20667T226%20581T184%20443T167%20250T184%2058T225%20-81T274%20-167T316%20-220T333%20-241Q333%20-250%20318%20-250H315H302L274%20-226Q180%20-141%20137%20-14T94%20250Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMATHI-78%22%20d%3D%22M52%20289Q59%20331%20106%20386T222%20442Q257%20442%20286%20424T329%20379Q371%20442%20430%20442Q467%20442%20494%20420T522%20361Q522%20332%20508%20314T481%20292T458%20288Q439%20288%20427%20299T415%20328Q415%20374%20465%20391Q454%20404%20425%20404Q412%20404%20406%20402Q368%20386%20350%20336Q290%20115%20290%2078Q290%2050%20306%2038T341%2026Q378%2026%20414%2059T463%20140Q466%20150%20469%20151T485%20153H489Q504%20153%20504%20145Q504%20144%20502%20134Q486%2077%20440%2033T333%20-11Q263%20-11%20227%2052Q186%20-10%20133%20-10H127Q78%20-10%2057%2016T35%2071Q35%20103%2054%20123T99%20143Q142%20143%20142%20101Q142%2081%20130%2066T107%2046T94%2041L91%2040Q91%2039%2097%2036T113%2029T132%2026Q168%2026%20194%2071Q203%2087%20217%20139T245%20247T261%20313Q266%20340%20266%20352Q266%20380%20251%20392T217%20404Q177%20404%20142%20372T93%20290Q91%20281%2088%20280T72%20278H58Q52%20284%2052%20289Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMAIN-29%22%20d%3D%22M60%20749L64%20750Q69%20750%2074%20750H86L114%20726Q208%20641%20251%20514T294%20250Q294%20182%20284%20119T261%2012T224%20-76T186%20-143T145%20-194T113%20-227T90%20-246Q87%20-249%2086%20-250H74Q66%20-250%2063%20-250T58%20-247T55%20-238Q56%20-237%2066%20-225Q221%20-64%20221%20250T66%20725Q56%20737%2055%20738Q55%20746%2060%20749Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMAIN-2260%22%20d%3D%22M166%20-215T159%20-215T147%20-212T141%20-204T139%20-197Q139%20-190%20144%20-183L306%20133H70Q56%20140%2056%20153Q56%20168%2072%20173H327L406%20327H72Q56%20332%2056%20347Q56%20360%2070%20367H426Q597%20702%20602%20707Q605%20716%20618%20716Q625%20716%20630%20712T636%20703T638%20696Q638%20692%20471%20367H707Q722%20359%20722%20347Q722%20336%20708%20328L451%20327L371%20173H708Q722%20163%20722%20153Q722%20140%20707%20133H351Q175%20-210%20170%20-212Q166%20-215%20159%20-215Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMAIN-30%22%20d%3D%22M96%20585Q152%20666%20249%20666Q297%20666%20345%20640T423%20548Q460%20465%20460%20320Q460%20165%20417%2083Q397%2041%20362%2016T301%20-15T250%20-22Q224%20-22%20198%20-16T137%2016T82%2083Q39%20165%2039%20320Q39%20494%2096%20585ZM321%20597Q291%20629%20250%20629Q208%20629%20178%20597Q153%20571%20145%20525T137%20333Q137%20175%20145%20125T181%2046Q209%2016%20250%2016Q290%2016%20318%2046Q347%2076%20354%20130T362%20333Q362%20478%20354%20524T321%20597Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3C%2Fdefs%3E%0A%3Cg%20stroke%3D%22currentColor%22%20fill%3D%22currentColor%22%20stroke-width%3D%220%22%20transform%3D%22matrix(1%200%200%20-1%200%200)%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-66%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(550%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-28%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(940%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-78%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(1512%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-29%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(2179%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-2260%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mn%22%20transform%3D%22translate(3236%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-30%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
,则为常系数非齐次线性微分方程:
如果
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-msubsup%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-61%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mn%22%20transform%3D%22translate(529%2C-150)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-30%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(983%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-2C%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-msubsup%22%20transform%3D%22translate(1428%2C0)%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-61%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mn%22%20transform%3D%22translate(529%2C-150)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-31%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(2411%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-2C%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(2857%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-22EF%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(4196%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-2C%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-msubsup%22%20transform%3D%22translate(4641%2C0)%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-61%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(529%2C-150)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-6E%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
是
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-78%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
的函数,那么就是变系数线性微分方程。本文不讨论这种情况。
解释一下:
可以类比于齐次线性方程:
所以我们称
%3D0%3C%2Ftitle%3E%0A%3Cdefs%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJCAL-4C%22%20d%3D%22M62%20-22T47%20-22T32%20-11Q32%20-1%2056%2024T83%2055Q113%2096%20138%20172T180%20320T234%20473T323%20609Q364%20649%20419%20677T531%20705Q559%20705%20578%20696T604%20671T615%20645T618%20623V611Q618%20582%20615%20571T598%20548Q581%20531%20558%20520T518%20509Q503%20509%20503%20520Q503%20523%20505%20536T507%20560Q507%20590%20494%20610T452%20630Q423%20630%20410%20617Q367%20578%20333%20492T271%20301T233%20170Q211%20123%20204%20112L198%20103L224%20102Q281%20102%20369%2079T509%2052H523Q535%2064%20544%2087T579%20128Q616%20152%20641%20152Q656%20152%20656%20142Q656%20101%20588%2040T433%20-22Q381%20-22%20289%201T156%2028L141%2029L131%2020Q111%200%2087%20-11Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMAIN-28%22%20d%3D%22M94%20250Q94%20319%20104%20381T127%20488T164%20576T202%20643T244%20695T277%20729T302%20750H315H319Q333%20750%20333%20741Q333%20738%20316%20720T275%20667T226%20581T184%20443T167%20250T184%2058T225%20-81T274%20-167T316%20-220T333%20-241Q333%20-250%20318%20-250H315H302L274%20-226Q180%20-141%20137%20-14T94%20250Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMATHI-79%22%20d%3D%22M21%20287Q21%20301%2036%20335T84%20406T158%20442Q199%20442%20224%20419T250%20355Q248%20336%20247%20334Q247%20331%20231%20288T198%20191T182%20105Q182%2062%20196%2045T238%2027Q261%2027%20281%2038T312%2061T339%2094Q339%2095%20344%20114T358%20173T377%20247Q415%20397%20419%20404Q432%20431%20462%20431Q475%20431%20483%20424T494%20412T496%20403Q496%20390%20447%20193T391%20-23Q363%20-106%20294%20-155T156%20-205Q111%20-205%2077%20-183T43%20-117Q43%20-95%2050%20-80T69%20-58T89%20-48T106%20-45Q150%20-45%20150%20-87Q150%20-107%20138%20-122T115%20-142T102%20-147L99%20-148Q101%20-153%20118%20-160T152%20-167H160Q177%20-167%20186%20-165Q219%20-156%20247%20-127T290%20-65T313%20-9T321%2021L315%2017Q309%2013%20296%206T270%20-6Q250%20-11%20231%20-11Q185%20-11%20150%2011T104%2082Q103%2089%20103%20113Q103%20170%20138%20262T173%20379Q173%20380%20173%20381Q173%20390%20173%20393T169%20400T158%20404H154Q131%20404%20112%20385T82%20344T65%20302T57%20280Q55%20278%2041%20278H27Q21%20284%2021%20287Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMAIN-29%22%20d%3D%22M60%20749L64%20750Q69%20750%2074%20750H86L114%20726Q208%20641%20251%20514T294%20250Q294%20182%20284%20119T261%2012T224%20-76T186%20-143T145%20-194T113%20-227T90%20-246Q87%20-249%2086%20-250H74Q66%20-250%2063%20-250T58%20-247T55%20-238Q56%20-237%2066%20-225Q221%20-64%20221%20250T66%20725Q56%20737%2055%20738Q55%20746%2060%20749Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMAIN-3D%22%20d%3D%22M56%20347Q56%20360%2070%20367H707Q722%20359%20722%20347Q722%20336%20708%20328L390%20327H72Q56%20332%2056%20347ZM56%20153Q56%20168%2072%20173H708Q722%20163%20722%20153Q722%20140%20707%20133H70Q56%20140%2056%20153Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3Cpath%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20id%3D%22E1-MJMAIN-30%22%20d%3D%22M96%20585Q152%20666%20249%20666Q297%20666%20345%20640T423%20548Q460%20465%20460%20320Q460%20165%20417%2083Q397%2041%20362%2016T301%20-15T250%20-22Q224%20-22%20198%20-16T137%2016T82%2083Q39%20165%2039%20320Q39%20494%2096%20585ZM321%20597Q291%20629%20250%20629Q208%20629%20178%20597Q153%20571%20145%20525T137%20333Q137%20175%20145%20125T181%2046Q209%2016%20250%2016Q290%2016%20318%2046Q347%2076%20354%20130T362%20333Q362%20478%20354%20524T321%20597Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%0A%3C%2Fdefs%3E%0A%3Cg%20stroke%3D%22currentColor%22%20fill%3D%22currentColor%22%20stroke-width%3D%220%22%20transform%3D%22matrix(1%200%200%20-1%200%200)%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-texatom%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJCAL-4C%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(690%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-28%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(1080%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-79%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(1577%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-29%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(2244%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-3D%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mn%22%20transform%3D%22translate(3301%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-30%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
为齐次线性微分方程。
不光是可以这么类比,实际上解法都是一样的。我们先来看看齐次线性方程是怎么解的。
2.2 齐次线性方程的解法
对于齐次线性方程:
我们怎么解?
我们知道,
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-41%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
的特征值和特征向量满足下面这个等式:
2.3
的特征值、特征向量 那么
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-texatom%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJCAL-4C%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
的特征值和特征向量是多少?
根据特征值和特征向量的定义,对于
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-texatom%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJCAL-4C%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(968%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-3D%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(2024%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-44%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
有:
所以,其特征值为
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-3BB%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(861%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-3D%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(1917%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-6E%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
,特征向量为
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-msubsup%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-65%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-texatom%22%20transform%3D%22translate(466%2C412)%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-6E%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(424%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-78%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
。
啊哈,
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-msubsup%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-65%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-texatom%22%20transform%3D%22translate(466%2C412)%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-6E%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(424%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-78%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
出现了,为什么线性微分方程的通解里面有
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-msubsup%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-65%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-texatom%22%20transform%3D%22translate(466%2C412)%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-6E%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(424%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-78%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
,是因为
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-msubsup%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-65%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-texatom%22%20transform%3D%22translate(466%2C412)%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-6E%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(424%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-78%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
是
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-44%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
的特征向量啊。
同理,对于
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-texatom%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJCAL-4C%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(968%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-3D%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-msubsup%22%20transform%3D%22translate(2024%2C0)%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-44%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mn%22%20transform%3D%22translate(828%2C412)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-32%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(3529%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-2212%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mn%22%20transform%3D%22translate(4529%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-32%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(5030%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-44%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(6081%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-2212%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mn%22%20transform%3D%22translate(7081%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-38%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
有:
所以,其特征值为
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-3BB%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(861%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-3D%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-msubsup%22%20transform%3D%22translate(1917%2C0)%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-6E%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mn%22%20transform%3D%22translate(600%2C412)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-32%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(3194%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-2212%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mn%22%20transform%3D%22translate(4194%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-32%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(4695%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-6E%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(5518%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-2212%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mn%22%20transform%3D%22translate(6518%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-38%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
,特征向量为
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-msubsup%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-65%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-texatom%22%20transform%3D%22translate(466%2C412)%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-6E%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(424%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-78%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
。
2.4 解常系数齐次线性微分方程
万事具备,我们开始解方程吧。
对于:
实在太简单了,
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-79%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(775%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-3D%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(1831%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-43%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(2592%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-2C%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(3037%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-43%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(4075%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-2208%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-texatom%22%20transform%3D%22translate(5020%2C0)%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJAMS-52%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
。
对于:
对于此
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-texatom%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJCAL-4C%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
,求它的0特征值:
对应的特征向量为,
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-msubsup%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-65%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-texatom%22%20transform%3D%22translate(466%2C412)%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mn%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-34%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(353%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-78%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(1325%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-2C%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-msubsup%22%20transform%3D%22translate(1770%2C0)%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-65%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-texatom%22%20transform%3D%22translate(466%2C412)%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-2212%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mn%22%20transform%3D%22translate(550%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-32%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%20transform%3D%22translate(904%2C0)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-78%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
,这两个特征向量线性无关,因此得到解为:
如果得到的特征值相同,那么就需要另外讨论一下。
2.5 解常系数非齐次线性微分方程
对于非齐次线性微分方程:
可以类比线性方程的解的结构:
先求出齐次方程的解,然后根据初始条件得到一个特解
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-msubsup%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMATHI-79%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mo%22%20transform%3D%22translate(499%2C412)%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20transform%3D%22scale(0.707)%22%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJMAIN-2217%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
,得到:
还有一种做法,因为:
所以可以得到:
得到一个新的齐次线性微分方程,然后根据刚才介绍的方法进行求解。不过这样就需要求解三次方程,或许比特解法复杂一些,这里只是展示一下理解了线性微分方程的含义之后,我们可以更灵活的处理。
文章开头的两个问题,现在有了答案:
因为
%22%20aria-hidden%3D%22true%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-texatom%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mrow%22%3E%0A%3Cg%20class%3D%22mjx-svg-mi%22%3E%0A%20%3Cuse%20xlink%3Ahref%3D%22%23E1-MJCAL-4C%22%3E%3C%2Fuse%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E)
是线性的,所以线性微分方程是
线性的